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- $Unique_ID{BRK03962}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Malignant Hyperthermia}
- $Subject{Malignant Hyperthermia Fulminating Hyperpyrexia Hyperthermia of
- Anesthesia Malignant Fever Malignant Hyperpyrexia MH Pharmacogenic Myopathy
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Noonan Syndrome King Syndrome }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1984, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 8:
- Malignant Hyperthermia
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Malignant Hyperthermia) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next
- page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Fulminating Hyperpyrexia
- Hyperthermia of Anesthesia
- Malignant Fever
- Malignant Hyperpyrexia
- MH
- Pharmacogenic Myopathy
-
- Information on the following disease can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Noonan Syndrome
- King Syndrome
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Malignant Hyperthermia is hereditary disorder in which a person does not
- react appropriately to certain drugs due to a genetic abnormality. The
- patient develops a rapid, high fever after the administration of general
- anesthesia or certain muscle relaxants. Drugs that could cause this respond
- include halothane, cyclopropane, or succinylcholine.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Malignant Hyperthermia occurs in patients who may have been previously
- unaffected by anesthesia or injection of muscle relaxants, although a few may
- have reported previous episodes of muscle cramps or weakness following the
- administration of certain medications. After certain anesthetic drugs or
- muscle relaxants are administered, the patient quickly develops a very high
- fever, sometimes as high as 110 degrees. Muscles twitch and become hard,
- stiff and rigid. Headache, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure
- (hypotension), rapid heart beat (tachycardia) and irregular heartbeat
- (cardiac arrhythmias) may be present. Major life threatening complications
- include skeleton muscle degeneration (rhabdomyolysis), renal (kidney)
- failure, accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) and disruption
- of blood clotting mechanisms. Levels of creatine phosphokinase are elevated
- in the patient.
-
- Causes
-
- People may inherit a predisposition to malignant hypothermia through an
- autosomal dominant gene. Human traits, including the classic genetic
- diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from
- the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of
- the disease gene (received from either the mother or the father) will be
- expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance
- of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent
- to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the
- resulting child.
-
- Malignant Hyperthermia may also be related to abnormally high levels of
- calcium in muscle tissue (sarcoplasmic tissue). The gene that regulates the
- release of calcium from muscles and causes this disorder has been mapped to
- region q13.1 of chromosome 19.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Malignant Hyperthermia is extremely rare. Males and females are affected
- equally. Since most people have no symptoms unless they take certain drugs,
- the great majority of people with Malignant Hyperthermia are not diagnosed.
- Anyone with a relative who died during surgery for an unknown reason may want
- to be tested for Malignant Hyperthermia.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Malignant
- Hyperthermia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Boys affected with King syndrome (slanted low set eyes, receding chin,
- webbed neck, spinal abnormalities and short stature) or perhaps Noonan
- syndrome may experience Malignant hyperthermia and should be monitored
- closely during procedures requiring anesthesia. (For more information on
- this disorder, choose "Noonan Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare
- Disease Database).
-
- A similar syndrome may also occur in myotonic disorders, Duchenne
- muscular dystrophy, branchial hypertonic myopathy, central core disease or in
- a congenital myopathy with dysmorphic features. It is not yet known exactly
- what percentage of patients with these muscle disorders are at risk. (For
- more information on this disorder, choose "Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy" as
- your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is a potentially fatal reaction to any of
- a group of antipsychotic drugs or major tranquilizers (neuroleptics). These
- drugs are commonly prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia and other
- neurological, mental or emotional disorders. Symptoms of Neuroleptic
- Malignant Syndrome include a very high fever (102 to 104 degrees), irregular
- pulse, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), increased rate of respiration
- (tachypnea), muscle rigidity, altered mental states, high or low blood
- pressure and profuse perspiration. (For more information on this disorder
- choose "Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome" as your search term on the Rare
- Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Malignant Hyperthermia is best prevented by presurgical detection of those at
- risk. The most successful test for early detection involves a biopsy of
- muscle from the thigh. This test is generally reserved for patients from
- families where a Malignant Hyperthermia episode has occurred, or for patients
- who have had a suspicious reaction to anesthesia. The test is available at a
- few test centers in the United States.
-
- In those who are susceptible to Malignant Hyperthermia, surgery is often
- performed under regional or local anesthesia. Malignant Hyperthermia
- patients should be certain that the drug dantrolene sodium is available at a
- hospital where they are to undergo surgery. Dantrole sodium is a drug that
- can stop progress of symptoms if given immediately when the reaction to
- anaesthesia is identified as Malignant Hyperthermia.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Scientists studying Malignant Hyperthermia are attempting to develop a less
- invasive diagnostic test for this disorder and are also trying to develop
- more effective therapies for the syndrome.
-
- Dr. Ron Gregg and Dr. Kirk Hogan at the University of Wisconsin are
- trying to develop a test to identify persons at risk for Malignant
- Hyperthermia. Members of families in which two or more persons have developed
- Malignant Hyperthermia are needed for the study. Interested parties may
- contact:
-
- Dr. Kirk Hogan
- University of Wisconsin
- Dept. of Anesthesiology
- CSC B6/387
- 600 Highland Ave.
- Madison, WI 53792
- (608) 262-6042
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- August 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Malignant Hyperthermia please contact:
-
- National Organization of Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 847-0407
-
- Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States
- P.O. Box 191
- Westport, CT 06881-0191
- (203) 847-0407
-
- The North American MH Registry
- Department of Anesthesia
- Penn State College of Medicine
- P.O. Box 850
- Hershey, PA 17033
-
- For names of on-call physicians available to treat MH emergencies, call
- 24 hours a day:
-
- Medic Alert Foundation International
- (209) 634-4917
- Ask for: INDEX ZERO, Malignant Hyperthermia Consultant List.
-
- For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- Following is a list of Malignant Hyperthermia clinics:
-
- Mayo Clinic Dept. of Anesthesiology
- 200 1st St., SW
- Rochester, MN 55905
- (507) 285-5601
-
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
- Dept. of Anesthesiology
- Galveston, TX 77550
- (409) 761-1906
-
- Hahnemann University Medical School
- Dept. of Anesthesiology
- Broad and Vine Streets
- Philadelphia, PA 19102
- (215) 448-7960
-
- Massachusetts General
- Dept. of Anesthesiology
- Room ACC3
- Fruit Street
- Boston, MA 02114
- (617) 726-8800
-
- University of Toronto
- MH Investigatory Unit Room 5268
- Medical Sciences Building
- Toronto, Ontario M5S-1A
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1990. Pp. 499-500.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders., 1990. Pp. 2262-2263.
-
- MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA. J.L. Moore & E.L. Rice. American Family
- Physician (May 1992; 45(5)). Pp. 2245-51.
-
- MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA. R.E. Larew. Postgrad Med (June 1989; 85(8)).
- Pp. 117-8, 128-9.
-
-